Second gadolinium loading to Super-Kamiokande

被引：9

作者：

Abe, K. ^{[1
,53
]}

Bronner, C. ^{[1
]}

Hayato, Y. ^{[1
,53
]}

Hiraide, K. ^{[1
,53
]}

Hosokawa, K. ^{[1
]}

Ieki, K. ^{[1
,53
]}

Ikeda, M. ^{[1
,53
]}

Kameda, J. ^{[1
,53
]}

Kanemura, Y. ^{[1
]}

Kaneshima, R. ^{[1
]}

Kashiwagi, Y. ^{[1
]}

Kataoka, Y. ^{[1
,53
]}

Miki, S. ^{[1
]}

Mine, S. ^{[1
,6
]}

Miura, M. ^{[1
,53
]}

Moriyama, S. ^{[1
,53
]}

Nakano, Y. ^{[1
]}

Nakahata, M. ^{[1
,53
]}

Nakayama, S. ^{[1
,53
]}

Noguchi, Y. ^{[1
]}

Sato, K. ^{[1
]}

Sekiya, H. ^{[1
,53
]}

Shiba, H. ^{[1
]}

Shimizu, K. ^{[1
]}

Shiozawa, M. ^{[1
,53
]}

Sonoda, Y. ^{[1
]}

Suzuki, Y. ^{[1
]}

Takeda, A. ^{[4
,53
]}

Takemoto, Y. ^{[1
,53
]}

Tanaka, H. ^{[1
,53
]}

Yano, T. ^{[1
]}

Han, S. ^{[2
]}

Kajita, T. ^{[2
,53
]}

Okumura, K. ^{[2
,53
]}

Tashiro, T. ^{[2
]}

Tomiya, T. ^{[2
]}

Wang, X. ^{[2
]}

Yoshida, S. ^{[2
]}

Fernandez, P. ^{[3
]}

Labarga, L. ^{[3
]}

Ospina, N. ^{[3
]}

Zaldivar, B. ^{[3
]}

Pointon, B. W. ^{[5
,56
]}

Kearns, E. ^{[4
,53
]}

Raaf, J. L. ^{[4
]}

Wan, L. ^{[4
]}

Wester, T. ^{[4
]}

Bian, J. ^{[6
]}

Griskevich, N. J. ^{[6
]}

Smy, M. B. ^{[6
,53
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, Kamioka Observ, Kamioka, Gifu 5061205, Japan

[2] Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, Res Ctr Cosm Neutrinos, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778582, Japan

[3] Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Theoret Phys, Madrid 28049, Spain

[4] Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA

[5] British Columbia Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Burnaby, BC V5G 3H2, Canada

[6] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA

[7] Calif State Univ Dominguez Hills, Dept Phys, Carson, CA 90747 USA

[8] Chonnam Natl Univ, Inst Univ & Elementary Particles, Gwangju 61186, South Korea

[9] Duke Univ, Dept Phys, Durham, NC 27708 USA

[10] Ecole Polytech, Lab Leprince Ringuet, IN2P3, CNRS, F-91120 Palaiseau, France

[11] Gifu Univ, Dept Phys, Gifu, Gifu 5011193, Japan

[12] Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol, GIST Coll, Gwangju 500712, South Korea

[13] Univ Glasgow, Sch Phys & Astron, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland

[14] Univ Hawaii, Dept Phys & Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA

[15] Inst Basic Sci IBS, Ctr Underground Phys, Daejeon 34126, South Korea

[16] ICISE, Inst Interdisciplinary Res Sci & Educ, Quy Nhon 55121, Vietnam

[17] Imperial Coll London, Dept Phys, London SW7 2AZ, England

[18] Univ Politecn Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy

[19] INFN, Sez Bari, Dipartimento Interuniv Fis, I-70125 Bari, Italy

[20] Univ Napoli, I-80126 Naples, Italy

[21] INFN, Sez Napoli, Dipartimento Fis, I-80126 Naples, Italy

[22] Univ Padua, I-35131 Padua, Italy

[23] INFN, Sez Padova, Dipartimento Fis, I-35131 Padua, Italy

[24] Univ Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy

[25] INFN, Sez Roma, I-00185 Rome, Italy

[26] Univ Tokyo, ILANCE, CNRS, Int Res Lab, Kashiwa, Chiba 2778582, Japan

[27] Keio Univ, Dept Phys, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan

[28] High Energy Accelerator Res Org KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050801, Japan

[29] Kings Coll London, Dept Phys, London WC2R 2LS, England

[30] Kobe Univ, Dept Phys, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan

[31] Kyoto Univ, Dept Phys, Kyoto 6068502, Japan

[32] Univ Liverpool, Dept Phys, Liverpool L69 7ZE, Merseyside, England

[33] Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA

[34] Miyagi Univ Educ, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 9800845, Japan

[35] Nagoya Univ, Inst Space Earth Environm Res, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan

[36] Nagoya Univ, Kobayashi Maskawa Inst Origin Particles & Univers, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan

[37] Natl Ctr Nucl Res, PL-02093 Warsaw, Poland

[38] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA

[39] Okayama Univ, Dept Phys, Okayama 7008530, Japan

[40] Osaka Elect Commun Univ, Media Commun Ctr, Neyagawa, Osaka 5728530, Japan

[41] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3PU, England

[42] Rutherford Appleton Lab, Harwell OX11 0QX, Berks, England

[43] Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea

[44] Univ Sheffield, Dept Phys & Astron, Sheffield S3 7RH, S Yorkshire, England

[45] Shizuoka Univ Welf, Dept Informat Social Welf, Yaizu, Shizuoka 4258611, Japan

[46] Univ Silesia Katowice, August Chelkowski Inst Phys, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, PL-41500 Chorzow, Poland

[47] Rutherford Appleton Lab, STFC, Oxford OX11 0QX, England

[48] Daresbury Lab, Warrington OX11 0QX, England

[49] Sungkyunkwan Univ, Dept Phys, Suwon 440746, South Korea

[50] Tohoku Univ, Dept Phys, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan

来源：

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT | 2024年 / 1065卷

基金：

加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 日本学术振兴会; 英国科学技术设施理事会; 中国国家自然科学基金; 美国国家科学基金会; 新加坡国家研究基金会;

关键词：

Water Cherenkov detector; Neutrino; Gadolinium; Neutron; FISSION;

D O I：

10.1016/j.nima.2024.169480

中图分类号：

TH7 [仪器、仪表];

学科分类号：

0804 ; 080401 ; 081102 ;

摘要：

The first loading of gadolinium (Gd) into Super-Kamiokande in 2020 was successful, and the neutron capture efficiency on Gd reached 50%. To further increase the Gd neutron capture efficiency to 75%, 26.1 tons of Gd-2(SO4)(3)center dot 8H(2)O was additionally loaded into Super-Kamiokande (SK) from May 31 to July 4, 2022. As the amount of loaded Gd-2(SO4)(3)center dot 8H(2)O was doubled compared to the first loading, the capacity of the powder dissolving system was doubled. We also developed new batches of gadolinium sulfate with even further reduced radioactive impurities. In addition, a more efficient screening method was devised and implemented to evaluate these new batches of Gd-2(SO4)(3)center dot 8H(2)O. Following the second loading, the Gd concentration in SK was measured to be 333.5 +/- 2.5 ppm via an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). From the mean neutron capture time constant of neutrons from an Am/Be calibration source, the Gd concentration was independently measured to be 332.7 +/- 6.8(sys.) +/- 1.1(stat.) ppm, consistent with the AAS result. Furthermore, during the loading the Gd concentration was monitored continually using the capture time constant of each spallation neutron produced by cosmic-ray muons, and the final neutron capture efficiency was shown to become 1.5 times higher than that of the first loaded phase, as expected.

引用

页数：15

共 19 条

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