Climate challenges for sustainable hydropower development and operational resilience: A review

Hydropower remains a crucial renewable energy source, playing a significant role in global electricity generation and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, climate change introduces substantial challenges to its sustainable development and operational resilience. This review offers a detailed analysis of the global impacts of climate change on hydropower systems, focusing on key mechanisms such as changes in precipitation patterns, temperature fluctuations, and extreme weather events. The review reveals varied regional impacts, with some regions experiencing increased water availability while others face significant reductions. It highlights the necessity for region-specific adaptive strategies, advanced forecasting methods, and technological advancements to bolster hydropower resilience. Furthermore, it stresses the importance of strong governance structures, inclusive policy frameworks, and the integration of hydropower with other renewable energy sources to establish a diverse and resilient energy portfolio. Despite progress, significant gaps remain, especially in incorporating socioeconomic factors and land use changes into hydropower planning. Future research should aim to refine climate models, enhance infrastructure resilience, and explore synergies with other renewable energy sources. Addressing these issues will enable hydropower to continue contributing significantly to global renewable energy strategies, ensuring sustainable and reliable energy production amid a changing climate.