Mutual Authentication Protocols Based on PUF and Multitrusted Authority for Internet of Vehicles

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a critical component of the transportation field, which can greatly facilitate the current transportation system. Meanwhile, more and more vehicles connect to the IoV and the security and privacy need to be guaranteed. Traditional authentication protocols based on bilinear pairs are computatively heavy and difficult to protect user identity and privacy in IoV environment. In addition, most existing protocols only consider the authentication between vehicles and infrastructure, but not consider between vehicles and vehicles, as well as single point of failure in the traditional single trusted authority (TA). To address these issues, this article proposes two lightweight mutual authentication protocols (MAPs) based on physical unclonable function (PUF) and multi-TA. The first protocol named V2I-MAP and is applied to vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. The second is named V2V-MAP and is applied to vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. The protocols solve the interference of noise on PUF signals by fuzzy extractor, reduce the communication overhead and computation overhead of vehicles by utilizing PUF's lightweight computation characteristics, deal with the problems of impersonation attack with the help of the unclonable characteristics of PUF, and work out single TA single point of failure problems with the multi-TA model. Finally, the security analysis and informal security analysis of the proposed protocols are demonstrates that the proposed protocols meet the security requirements of the IoV system. ProVerif is used to verify the security of the protocols. Performance analysis shows that the protocols can reduce the communication and computation overhead than the comparable protocols.