Advances in prebiotic carbohydrate-based targeted delivery: Overcoming gastrointestinal challenges for bioactive ingredients

Natural bioactive ingredients face challenges in extensive application owing to low oral bioavailability. This can be improved by overcoming gastrointestinal barriers and facilitating targeted release through delivery strategies. This study provides a comprehensive review of targeted delivery systems using prebiotic carbohydrate matrices, focusing on structures, release mechanisms and applications. The bioactive ingredients can be encapsulated into nanohydrogels, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, micro/nanocapsules and nanofibres to achieve controlled/targeted delivery to predetermined locations via interactions with pH, mucus, microbiome, enzymes and other factors in the colon. In particular, the prebiotic function of carbohydrates is generated by colonic microbiota degradation and fermentation, producing beneficial postbiotics through multiple metabolic pathways. This study provides certain insights into the in-depth development and application of prebiotic carbohydrate-based targeted delivery systems in the fields of food and health.