Energy optimization of building-integrated photovoltaic for load shifting and grid robustness in high-rise buildings based on optimum planned grid output

This study proposes an energy management and optimization model of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems integrating static battery storage and electric vehicles considering stochastic parking schedules. A novel energy management strategy of orienting grid robustness with optimum planned grid output is developed to effectively manage BIPV power for load shifting in a typical high-rise building under both low-energy case and zero-energy case. Innovative assessment indicators of load shifting factor and grid robustness factor are proposed to quantify the applicability of the orienting grid robustness strategy compared with the conventional maximizing PV utilization strategy. Multi-objective optimizations are conducted to explore optimum system capacity, planned grid output in cooling and non-cooling seasons balancing the load shifting factor, grid robustness factor and lifetime net present value. The research results indicate that the orienting grid robustness strategy is effective for load shifting in the high-rise building under both low-energy case and zero-energy case with the load shifting factor at about 76.17% and 74.62%, respectively. It achieves obvious grid integration performance reducing the grid robustness factor by 49.34% in the low-energy case and 71.65% in the zero-energy case. The net present value is decreased by about 27.87% and 13.59% in two optimum cases and the annual equivalent carbon emissions are decreased by 10.12% and 65.09%, respectively. The developed energy management and optimization framework with novel strategy and indicators can improve the grid robustness and energy economy of BIPV and storage systems for high-rise buildings towards low-energy and low-carbon operations.