Hydrogen sensors of Ce-doped MoS2 with anti- humidity for early warning thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries

Early warning of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries is critical to improving their safety and reliability in energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and other applications. Analyzing gas release, especially H2, is a suitable indicator for early warning of thermal runaway, but the sensitivity and service life of gas sensors are highly susceptible to humidity. Herein, we develop a H2-based sensor to monitor the thermal runaway of lithiumion batteries using Ce-doped MoS2 modulated by amphiphiles. The unique amphiphiles provide a hydrophobic protective layer, ensuring stability in high-humidity environments for H2 detection. Applying this gas sensor for monitoring thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries offers a 76-s advance warning compared to traditional temperature signals, effective in both overcharge and overheating induced thermal runaways. While this study presents an effective gas sensor for early thermal runaway warnings in lithium-ion batteries, further optimization is required for future applications due to its high sensitivity to temperature fluctuations (100 ppm H2/degrees C).