Survey on Redundancy Based-Fault tolerance methods for Processors and Hardware accelerators - Trends in Quantum Computing, Heterogeneous Systems and Reliability

Rapid progress in CMOS technology since the late 1990s has increased the vulnerability of processors toward faults. Subsequently, the focus of computer architects has shifted toward designing fault-tolerance methods for processor architectures. Concurrently, chip designers have encountered high-order challenges for designing fault-tolerant processor architectures. For processor cores, redundancy-based fault-tolerance methods for fault detection at the core, micro-architectural, thread, and software levels are discussed. Similar applicable redundancy-based fault-tolerance methods for cache memory and hardware accelerators are also presented in the article. Recent trends in fault-tolerant quantum computing and quantum error correction are also discussed. The classification of state-of-the-art techniques presented will help researchers organize their work on established lines.