Renewable resources from nature: biomass-derived carbon for composite materials in electrochemical energy storage devices

Biomass-derived carbon possesses high stability, good conductivity, significant cost-effectiveness, and sustain- ability. It is frequently combined with non-carbon-based materials to form composite materials, such as metals/ alloys, metal oxides/sulfides/phosphides/selenides, showcasing outstanding electrochemical performance across diverse energy storage systems. However, significant variations exist in the properties of different non-carbonbased materials, and further research is needed to elucidate their interaction with derived carbon. From the perspective of biomass-derived carbon, this review comprehensive analyzes the characteristic differences of precursors derived from natural renewable biomass sources, elucidates the evolution laws of microstructure, and evaluates the correlation between the synthesis techniques, action mechanisms, and electrochemical performance of composite materials in alkali metal-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries and supercapacitors. Finally, the key technological bottlenecks faced by composite materials are summarized, and the viable solutions are proposed.