Integrated inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa and degradation of microcystin-LR by direct current glow discharge plasma in liquid-phase: Mechanisms and cell deactivation process

The frequent occurrence of blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) and the subsequent release of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in eutrophic waters pose a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. This study investigated the optimal conditions for inactivating M. aeruginosa and the degrading MC-LR using direct current glow discharge plasma in liquid phase (DC-LGDP), analyzed the potential inactivation mechanisms and the cell deactivation process of M. aeruginosa. The results showed that DC-LGDP generated reactive species (i.e., center dot OH, 1 O 2 , and H2O2), active Cl and electroporation effect collectively contributed to inactivation of M. aeruginosa and degradation of MC-LR. The 97.07% inactivation efficiency of M. aeruginosa and 94.98% degradation rate of MCLR were achieved with higher energy yield and without generating nitrogen oxides. Meanwhile, DC-LGDP destroyed the cell integrity, eliminated their antioxidant capacity and reduced the content of photosynthetic pigments. The transcriptome analysis indicated that the transcripts of genes related to photosynthesis, ribosome biosynthesis, ABC transporters, and nitrogen metabolism pathway in M. aeruginosa were altered by DC-LGDP. This study provides insights into the inactivation of M. aeruginosa by DC-LGDP, while elucidating the potential inactivation mechanisms and the cell deactivation process involved. It may be important for the eco-friendly inactivation of M. aeruginosa blooms in natural water bodies.