Recent advances in nanocellulose-based adsorbent for sustainable removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water bodies: A review

The long-term presence of pharmaceutical pollution in water bodies has raised public awareness. Nanocellulose is often used in adsorption to remove pollutants from wastewater since it is an abundant, green and sustainable material. This paper offers an extensive overview of the recent works reporting the potential of nanocellulosebased adsorbents to treat pharmaceutical wastewater. This study distinguishes itself by not only summarizing recent research findings but also critically integrating discussions on the improvements in nanocellulose production and sorts of alterations based on the type of pharmaceutical contaminants. Commonly, charged, or hydrophobic characteristics are introduced onto nanocellulose surfaces to accelerate and enhance the removal of pharmaceutical compounds. Although adsorbents based on nanocellulose have considerable potential, several significant challenges impede their practical application, particularly concerning cost and scalability. Large-scale synthesis of nanocellulose is technically challenging and expensive, which prevents its widespread use in wastewater treatment plants. Continued innovation in this area could lead to breakthroughs in the practical application of nanocellulose as a superior adsorbent. The prospects of utilization of nanocellulose are explained, providing a sustainable way to address the existing restriction and maximize the application of the modified nanocellulose in the field of pharmaceutical pollutants removal.