A review of modelling tools for net-zero emission energy systems, based on model capabilities, modelling criteria and model availability

Transformation of the energy sector to a safer, cleaner, and more economical business is increasingly becoming important, in an era in which many countries have pledged to meet net-zero emissions energy. The best possible strategy for this transformation of production, transportation and consumption of energy can be found by modelling the energy system using capable modelling tools and envisioning future needs ahead of time. There is great interest, but lack of information about these tools and trends in the literature. To fill this gap, the paper systematically overviews modelling capabilities, technical criteria and the usability of thirty energy modelling tools that are currently available. Results show that, selected tools cover satisfactory ranges of modelling resolution in time and space. Nevertheless, no single tool covers all, short-term, medium-term and long-term planning horizons over a local geographical area to global level. Moreover, state-of-the-art energy system modelling and insights on future energy modelling needs are also elaborated on in the paper. The challenges of cross-sector and cross-border modelling, uncertainty modelling and forward market modelling and plausible solutions for them are discussed. The paper can be used in aid of selecting a suitable tool for a specific energy modelling purpose and attaining insights on future modelling needs that are required to obtain carbon neutrality by 2050.