Functionalized Carbon Quantum Dots for Nanobioimaging: a Comprehensive Review

Carbon dots (CDs) are nanoparticles (NPs) used in cancer treatment for medical imaging and drug delivery. This research examines the characteristics of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) that make them suitable for medical purposes. CQDs, consisting of carbon atoms with unique properties, are less than 10 nm in size and possess biocompatibility and energy release capabilities. Recent advancements in utilizing CQDs for bioimaging and therapy, including light-based treatments and antibacterial therapies, are discussed. The study also emphasizes the importance of monitoring, self-transformation, and future advancements in biological applications to obtain regulatory approval for clinical use, such as from the FDA. The research provides a detailed analysis of CQDs' biomedical applications, highlighting their dispersibility, compatibility, and photoluminescent properties for applications such as drug delivery, biosensing, and controlled release. Various synthetic methods for different types of CQDs, including modified versions, are explored, along with investigations into pharmacokinetics, toxicity profiles, and implications in clinical and biological settings. Overall, this study offers a comprehensive understanding of CQDs' synthesis, modification, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, polymer composite, and future research directions for bioimaging applications.