Removal of sulfonamides by persulfate-based advanced oxidation: A mini review

Sulfonamides (SAs) are known for their persistence and have become one of the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environments. The widespread presence of SAs in natural waters, wastewater, soil, and sediment has prompted growing concern due to their potential threats to both human health and ecological systems. Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) have emerged as a promising technology for effectively mitigating the presence of these pollutants in the environment. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the degradation of SAs by PS-AOPs. The various activation methods of persulfate for the purpose of removing SAs are elaborated upon in detail. The factors influencing the removal efficiency of SAs through PS-AOPs is thoroughly discussed. Additionally, the conceivable mechanisms and degradation pathways associated with various types of SAs are discussed. Lastly, existing challenges are identified, and future prospects pertaining to the utilization of PS-AOPs for efficient SA removal are presented. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd