Sterile supernatant of Bacillus subtilis TLD4 controls apple replant disease:Microbial community structure-mediated inhibition of Fusarium

<正>Apple replant disease (ARD) is a common soil-borne disease,and has a negative impact on the growth and yield of apple trees(Jiang et al.,2023).Due to the prevalence of pathogenic Fusarium spp.,the resulting microbial community shift in the rhizosphere soil has been the primary cause of ARD in major apple-producing regions along the Bohai Gulf (Wang et al.,2018).Chemical fumigation is gradually eliminated because of its environmental pollution.Therefore,it is crucial to find sustainable,eco-friendly,and effective biological measures to alleviate ARD (Wang et al.,2022).Since the discovery of antagonistic and plant growthpromoting bacteria (such as Bacillus spp.),their solid microbial fertilizers have been demonstrated to have effective biocontrol properties (Shahid et al.,2021).In view of the variety of natural antifungal compounds of Bacillus spp.(Jasim et al.,2016;Ismaila et al.,2023),there were few reports on applying sterile supernatant of Bacillus spp.to prevent ARD.