Bouncing dynamics of binary equal-sized high-viscosity molten glass droplets in head-on collisions

Despite extensive research on head-on droplet collisions over the past decades, detailed investigations into the bouncing behavior of high-viscosity droplets, such as molten glass droplets, are still scarce. In this study, a volume-of-fluid method coupled with dual marker functions is employed to simulate the collision dynamics of molten glass droplets. The results show good agreement with experimental observations in both spatial and temporal dimensions. Theoretical analysis reveals a critical Weber number of 22 for bouncing and coalescence of molten glass droplets with a diameter of 100 mu m. Below this threshold, we examine the bouncing behavior across various Weber numbers, categorizing the process into four distinct stages: mutual proximity, radial expansion, suction separation, and reverse separation, and providing a detailed analysis of velocity, pressure, and energy at each stage. As the Weber number increases, vortices sequentially emerge at 4, 8, 12, and 16, suggesting a strong correlation between droplet deformation and vortex generation. At lower Weber numbers, the air film pressure between droplets transitions smoothly between radial expansion and suction separation. However, between Weber numbers 9 and 22, a distinct concave pressure phenomenon is observed during suction separation. Pressure chattering occurs at the beginning of radial expansion and the end of suction separation. Furthermore, the results indicate that the cumulative viscous dissipation energy consistently approaches half of the initial kinetic energy, irrespective of the Weber and Ohnesorge numbers.