Design considerations for sodium dual ion batteries: Insights into electrolyte, anode, and cathode materials

The need for sustainable and cost-effective energy storage has driven the development of sodium dual-ion batteries (SDIBs) for large-scale storage applications. The design constraints are similar to that of the Li+ or Na+-ion batteries; however, the basic requirements for anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials are very stringent due to the intercalation of both cation and anion into the anode and cathode, respectively. This review highlights the crucial role of electrolytes and electrode materials in designing and optimizing the performance of SDIB. It provides comprehensive information about the electrolyte composition, salt-solvent systems, and additives. The review also delves into the design consideration of the electrode materials, particularly graphite intercalation compounds and innovative anode materials to improve ion diffusion kinetics. Accurate capacity calculations, accounting for the capacity-matched quantity of the electrolyte, are emphasized as essential for realistic performance assessment. This review consolidates recent advancements, providing insights into the synergistic effects of electrolyte and electrode materials in designing the next-generation sodium batteries.