Nanoparticles as elicitors and stimulators for plant tissue culture, transgenics, and genome editing: A comprehensive review

Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as versatile tools in plant tissue culture, transgenics, and genome editing, offering innovative approaches to enhance plant growth and development. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted roles of nanoparticles in various aspects of plant biotechnology. First, we discuss the efficacy of nanoparticles as sterilizing agents, highlighting their ability to effectively disinfect explants while minimizing damage. The potential of nanoparticles as callus inducers is also examined, showcasing their impact on callogenesis and subsequent plant regeneration. Furthermore, we delve into the role of nanoparticles as elicitors, which can stimulate the production of secondary metabolites, thereby enhancing the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants. The review also covers the use of nanoparticles as inducers of somatic embryogenesis, emphasizing their influence on embryogenic tissue development. The impact of nanoparticles on organogenesis and shoot regeneration is critically assessed, providing insights into their effects on shoot and root development. In addition, we explore the application of nanoparticles in plant genetic transformation and genome editing, detailing their advantages over traditional methods and their potential to overcome existing barriers in plant biotechnology. We also address the drawbacks associated with the use of nanoparticles in micropropagation studies, including potential toxicity and adverse effects on plant growth. Finally, we conclude with future perspectives, suggesting avenues for research to optimize the use of nanoparticles in plant biotechnology while ensuring eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness.