Fabrication and challenges for high-efficiency and up-scale perovskite solar modules

Perovskite solar cells have shown promising potential in the next generation of photovoltaics due to their excellent photovoltaic performance. However, there is still a significant disparity between small-area cells and large-area modules in terms of commercial applications. Herein, we will discuss recent research advancements in large-area perovskite solar modules (PSMs). Techniques such as laser scribing, optimization of interconnects, and innovative module designs are all focused on enhancing the module's performance. Furthermore, this review presents issues associated with depositing large-area thin films. It also introduces some common strategies to enhance device performance, such as stabilizing the perovskite phase structure, passivating defects, and inhibiting ion migration. Ultimately, the critical importance of device encapsulation in preserving stability and extending the operational lifespan of photovoltaic cells is underscored.