Development and validation of a driving simulator for traffic control using field data

This paper presents the development and validation of a driving simulator for ramp traffic control on expressways using a traffic simulator and control (TSC). The TSC consists of two main components: car-following model (CFM), and traffic controller (TC). The CFM simulates the car-following behavior and delivers aggregated traffic parameters to the TC to derive control actions. The CFM and TC are harmonized and integrated in a close-loop control manner, where the effects of the control by the TC are fed-back as inputs for the CFM in real-time applications. Although the following behavior of individual vehicles is simulated, the aggregated outputs such as average speed and flow rate from the model are the parameters of interest. For simplicity in the model development and validation and to capture lane-changing effects, the traffic in the multi-lane expressway where the data were obtained was equivalently represented as a single-lane system. The validation of the CFM was performed at macroscopic level where aggregated outputs from the model were compared to observed data in a segment of the Pan Island Expressway of Singapore under various traffic conditions. The result shows that the simulated speed is not significantly different from the actual speed at 5% significance level, and the aggregated flow rate discrepancies fall in a small range, from 2.21% to 3.15%. This shows that the TSC model is a reliable model for traffic simulation and control applications. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.