Eco-friendly production of leather-like material from bacterial cellulose and waste resources

In recent years, resource optimization has been recognized as a top priority among many challenges. Studies have indicated that valuable products can be created by combining natural or discarded resources with cutting-edge biosynthesis techniques. This approach is considered foundational for establishing a "zero-waste" socio-economic structure. This research focuses on optimizing resources and minimizing environmental impacts, especially within the manufacturing and fashion sectors. An innovative leather-like material named BC-BioLeath (Bacterial Cellulose-Based Bio Leather) has been introduced. BC was produced by the fermentation of coconut water, a byproduct of the food industry. Traditional leather-like processing, including tanning, was applied to BC using food waste such as oxidized edible oil and coffee grounds, along with timber industry by-products like vegetable tannins. Studies involving SEM observation, mechanical, style, and dyeing performance testing revealed that the product, BC-BioLeath, exhibited superior mechanical properties. For instance, BC crosslinked with oxidized edible oil showed a tensile strength of 82.14 MPa, surpassing traditional cowhide used in shoe uppers by 2.08 times. When plasticized with glycerol, the tensile strength reached 56.19 MPa, with breaking elongation of 36%. Beyond its mechanical prowess, the product also achieved economic and environmental benefits through waste repurposing, contributing to a natural energy cycle. BC-BioLeath was identified as a more humane and ecofriendly leather alternative. This method showcased not just efficient waste repurposing but also introduced a novel, microbe-focused sustainable production approach. Such a model offered a genuine circular economy solution for high-polluting sectors, such as the leather fashion industry. A cost analysis showed that BC-BioLeath's production cost of $97.92/m(2) (excluding labor and operating costs: $7.52/m(2)) was within the commercial leather range of $39.7 to $220.8/m(2). This indicated its sustainability as a competitive alternative.