Organo-mediated ring-opening polymerization: A cutting-edge technique for green synthesis

Polymerization reactions can be encouraged by a wide range of organo-catalysts. The reduced toxicity of these compounds has facilitated their development, particularly for polymerization reactions. Since they are more selective, easier to remove, adjustable, adaptable, and greener than metal-based catalysts. The ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic monomers is discussed to compare organo-catalysts and their initiators with metal-based ones. Unlike metals, organo-catalysts such as N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), L-proline, Phenylalanine, and Quinine are easier to remove and less toxic than metal-based catalysts. Recent studies have shown that these organic catalysts can achieve higher polymerization rates than metal-based catalysts, with improved selectivity and control over molecular weight distribution. This review focuses specifically on the use of organocatalysts for ring-opening polymerizations. The discussion is organized around the ROP of specific monomers, including lactides, and caprolactones, with an emphasis on the underlying reaction mechanisms. Furthermore, polymerization processes, such as cyclopropene, butyrolactone, valerolactone, and epoxide, are explored in depth. By integrating the principles of green chemistry, this review highlights the environmental and sustainability advantages of organo-catalysis and the major mechanism of ROP, which has become a crucial area of interest for both academic researchers and industrial applications. The review underscores the importance of selectivity and precision in polymerization processes driven by organic catalysts, pointing to a growing trend towards more eco-friendly and sustainable methods.