Development of an accurate synchronous transport signal hand-held sensing platform for fluorescence-based berberine on-site detection

Background: Berberine is widely used in clinical treatment because of its wide antibacterial spectrum and low toxic side effects. However, its abuse could lead to bacterial resistance and several other adverse effects. In addition, measuring the content of berberine in environmental water samples helps to monitor its accumulation and metabolism in ecosystems. Traditional detection methods usually need to be carried out in the laboratory, involving complex processing procedures, which are not only time-consuming, but also unfavorable for rapid response and decision-making. Therefore, it is necessary to develop portable instruments to provide reasonable guidance on the addition and intake of berberine to reduce the harm caused by its abuse. Results: In this work, an accurate synchronous transport signal hand-held sensing platform (STSHSP) with a lowcost, easy-to-manufacture, independent use was developed by using photoelectric conversion technology, Bluetooth technology, remote synchronous signal technology, electrical technology, and 3D printing technology. To verify the performance of STSHSP, a 5-oxo-2,3-dihydro-5H-thiazolo [3,2-a] pyridine-3,7-dicarboxylic acid (TPDCA) with ultra-high quantum yield was designed and synthesized as a probe. TPDCA exhibited bright blue fluorescence under the ultraviolet light of 365 nm which could be quenched by berberine through the inner filter effect. In the range of 0.1-80 mu g/mL, the voltage displayed by the prepared STSHSP has a good linearity with the berberine concentration (R2 2 = 0.9997) with a detection limit of 28.32 ng/mL. The portable sensor demonstrated good stability, accuracy, and reliability in detecting actual river water, urine, traditional Chinese medicine, and its preparation samples. Significance: The sensor with its compact structure, portability, and simple operation was suitable for in-situ detection with accurate, reliable, and feasible results, which is beneficial for improving drug quality and ensuring human health. Fortunately, the device could transmit the information to the control center and/or a third-party supervision institution in real-time, which could effectively eliminate the trust crisis. The sensor has broad application prospects in the field of environmental water quality detection and drug safety.