Efficient leaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using green deep eutectic solvents: Process optimization, mechanistic analysis, and environmental impact assessment

被引:11
作者
Zheng, Songming [1 ]
Xu, Shuang [1 ]
Wang, Zhenghao [1 ]
Duan, Huamei [1 ]
Chen, Dengfu [1 ]
Long, Mujun [1 ,2 ]
Li, Yandong [3 ]
机构
[1] Chongqing Univ, Coll Mat Sci & Engn, Chongqing 400044, Peoples R China
[2] Natl Key Lab Adv Casting Technol, Chongqing 400044, Peoples R China
[3] Yangtze Normal Univ, Coll Mat Sci & Engn, Chongqing 408100, Peoples R China
基金
美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs); Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs); Leaching mechanism; Density functional theory (DFT); Life cycle assessment (LCA); RECOVERY; GLYCEROL; CATHODE; COBALT;
D O I
10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144128
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
The accumulation of over 11 million tons of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by 2030 highlights a critical environmental challenge posed by their large-scale retirement. The efficient recycling valuable metals from spent LIBs can both reduces environmental impact and mitigates the pressing issue of metal resource scarcity. In this context, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have become a promising option as an eco-friendly solvent, exhibiting great potential for recycling spent LIBs. Therefore, this work proposed an innovative green DES system consisting of choline chloride (ChCl), DL-malic acid (MAL), and glycerol for the efficient leaching of valuable metals from spent LIBs. Comprehensive experiments were conducted to determine the optimum leaching conditions (130 degrees C, 60 g/L, M-ChCl:MAL:Glycerol of 1:1:3, 3 h), achieving high leaching efficiencies of 94.6% for Ni, 96.8% for Co, 93.8% for Mn, and 96.4% for Li. Through characterization techniques, kinetics studies, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the leaching process was predominantly governed by surface chemical reaction (1-(1-x)(1/3) = kt) within the shrinking core model, exhibited activation energies of 49.89 kJ/mol, 47.66 kJ/mol, 50.51 kJ/mol, and 22.24 kJ/mol for Ni, Co, Mn, and Li, respectively. The propensity for DES to leach metal ions followed the order: Li > Co > Ni > Mn, determined by binding energy and energy gaps. Cl- and -COOH within the DES were capable of forming stable complexes with reduced transition metal ions, revealing an efficient coordination leaching mechanism. Additionally, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted on the environmental impacts of the DES leaching process, confirming it as an effective and environmentally friendly method for recycling spent LIBs. This work avoided the employment of corrosive acids and alleviated the generally harsh conditions associated with DESs leaching, providing a viable solution for recovering spent LIBs.
引用
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页数:16
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