The sub-stable β-type TB18 titanium alloy exhibits a significant strengthening effect through solid solution-aging and possesses excellent potential for achieving a balanced combination of strength and toughness. As a result, it has emerged as a favoured material for manufacturing high-end aviation components. This work aimed to investigate the impact of solid solution treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TB18 titanium alloy. The effects of different solution temperatures, solution time, and slow cooling rates after solid solution on the microstructure and mechanical properties were illustrated. The goal is to understand the mechanism behind the interaction between solution treatment and the microstructure-mechanical properties of TB18 titanium alloy. The results indicate that following the solid solution and aging treatment within the β single-phase region, lamellar and needle-like αs phases precipitate within the β matrix. The presence of lamellar αs phases contributes to the improvement of the toughness of the TB18 titanium alloy. Furthermore, the fracture toughness of the TB18 titanium alloy improves with an increase in the thickness of the lamellar αs phases. Elevated solid solution temperature or prolonged solid solution holding time can coarsen β grains in TB18 titanium alloy, leading to a decrease in strength and plasticity. When increasing the cooling rate from 0.25 ℃/min to 1 ℃/min after solutionizing, the fine αs phases uniformly distribute within the TB18 titanium alloy after aging treatment, and the tensile strength increases to 1343 MPa while the elongation is 5.0%. When subjected to a solution regime at 870 ℃ for 2 h, followed by air cooling, the TB18 titanium alloy achieves a favorable combination of strength and toughness. Further aging at 530 ℃ for 4 h, again with air cooling, results in a tensile strength of 1315 MPa, yield strength of 1225 MPa, elongation of 8.5%, impact toughness of 29.2 J/cm2, and fracture toughness value of 88.4 MPa·m1/2 © 2024 Science Press. All rights reserved.