A unifying bubble-layer-based theoretical model for flow boiling and application to a rod bundle

Current analyses of flow boiling primarily utilize two-/three-dimensional numerical simulations or onedimensional empirical correlations/models. To develop a quasi-two-dimensional theoretical model, a unifying bubble-layer-based theoretical model is proposed, which can be applicable to the entire flow boiling process, from the single-phase liquid flow to the dryout point. This model considers bubble behaviors in each region and heat and mass transfer at the interfaces of two regions, consisting of conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy, supplemented by a few empirical correlations. A sensitivity analysis of these correlations is conducted, revealing that the slip ratio correlation and bubble condensation rate correlation have the most significant impacts. Using experimental data on void fraction, the most accurate combination of empirical correlations is identified, with a total absolute error of 27.9 %. The verification ranges are 0.1-8Mpa for pressure, 182-1700 kW/m2 for heat flux, 240-2200 kg/m2s for mass flux, 0.83-1.76 for Prandtl number, and 4.4e3-2.98e5 for Reynold number. Finally, this model is applied to the analysis of the NHR200-II rod bundle, revealing the variations of several two-phase parameters under micro-boiling conditions and the influence of operating conditions on the length proportion of different flow sections, serving as important references for analyzing the impact of boiling on reactor reactivity.