Stability of slopes in partially saturated soils: Incorporating the combined effects of seismic forces and pore water pressure

Earthquakes and groundwater are pivotal factors affecting slope stability. However, the majority of previous studies have focused on these factors individually, neglecting their combined effects. Hence, this paper aims to develop a framework using the kinematic approach of limit analysis to investigate the stability of slopes in partially saturated soils under the combined effects of seismic force and pore-water pressure. The pseudodynamic method (PDM) was employed to capture the temporal-spatial effect of horizontal and vertical seismic waves. Variations in suction and effective unit weight profiles with moisture content under steady-state unsaturated flow were considered. External rates arising from both static pore-water pressure and earthquake-induced excess pore-water pressure were incorporated into the energy-balance equation. With the aid of gravity increase method (GIM), an explicit expression of safety factor (FS) was derived and optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA). The validity of this approach was verified through a comparison with existing solutions. Parametric analyses were conducted to explore the influence of varying groundwater level, seismic coefficients, suction, threedimensional effects, excess pore water pressure, unsaturated flow types, and pseudo-dynamic parameters, on the FS and critical sliding surface of slopes in partially saturated slopes. This framework can provide a good reference for the safety design of reservoir slope under the combined effects of earthquakes and groundwater.