Deforestation and Forest Degradation Detection in the Brazilian Amazon: A Comparative Analysis of Two Areas and Their Conservation Units

This study analyzed land use and land cover (LULC) changes to identify the levels of deforestation and forest degradation in two locations in the Amazon rainforest and their conservation units. Using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and object-based image classification, yearly LULC maps were created from 2018 to 2023. Disturbances were then quantified by Primary Forest conversions. This study revealed a gain of around 22,362 ha in Secondary Forest areas in Manaus and 29,088 ha in Agriculture/Pastureland in Porto Velho within the study period. Differing yearly rates of deforestation and degradation were detected between the areas, with agriculture/pastureland expansion being observed as the primary driver of forest loss. State and federal units showed the largest conversion of primary to Secondary Forest, while state units experienced the most conversion to non-forest areas. Sustainable use units and buffer zones were particularly impacted by these disturbances. These findings suggest that factors beyond environmental policies contribute to these outcomes, highlighting the importance of understanding local contexts. Comparing areas with varying degradation levels provides insights into the effectiveness of restoration and conservation efforts.