Precipitation variability and environmental change across late Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles in lowland Central America: Insights from Lake Peten Itza (Guatemala) sediments

Lowland Central America, a biodiversity hotspot in the northern Neotropics, is a region where the climate is influenced by the location and expansion-contraction of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) on seasonal to millennial timescales. Paleo-records from the Caribbean Sea and the eastern equatorial and subtropical Pacific Ocean illustrate the response of regional precipitation to fluctuations in global temperature, driven by glacialinterglacial cyclicity over the past 500 kyr. Here, we present a paleoclimate and paleoenvironment record from Lake Pete<acute accent>n Itza<acute accent>, lowland Guatemala, which spans the last 413 kyr. Sediment in the lake recorded lacustrine and terrestrial ecosystem responses to large-scale climate variability. Precipitation patterns during MIS11-9 ( 413-304 ka BP) align with the latitudinal position of the ITCZ, with superimposed effects from the strength of the Caribbean Low-Level Jet (CLLJ). A sediment hiatus, likely attributable to mass removal processes in the lake's shallower areas, spans the period from MIS8 (starting at 304 ka BP) to the end of MIS6 (at 149 ka BP). MIS6 was characterized by humid conditions, perhaps ascribable to a more southerly extension of cold fronts and intensification of the CLLJ. During MIS5, pronounced fluctuations among all sediment variables, accompanied by an abrupt decline in precipitation, may correspond with cold events inferred from North Atlantic Ocean sediment cores. Although discontinuous, the Lake Pete<acute accent>n Itza<acute accent> sediment record provides a window into late Quaternary climate and environmental change in lowland Central America.