Optimizing VLIW Instruction Scheduling via a Two-Dimensional Constrained Dynamic Programming

Typical embedded processors, such as Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), usually adopt Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) architecture to improve computing efficiency. The performance of VLIW processors heavily relies on Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP). Therefore, it is crucial to develop an efficient instruction scheduling algorithm to explore more ILP. While heuristic algorithms are widely used in modern compilers due to simple implementation and low computational cost, they have limitations in providing accurate solutions and are prone to local optima. On the other hand, exact algorithms can usually find the optimal solution, but their high time overhead makes them less suitable for large-scale problems. This article proposes a twodimensional constrained dynamic programming (TDCDP) approach and a quantitative model for instruction scheduling. The TDCDP approach achieves near-optimal solutions within an acceptable time overhead. Furthermore, we integrate our TDCDP approach into mainstream compiler architecture, encompassing Pre- and Post-RA (register allocation) scheduling. We conduct a quantitative evaluation of TDCDP compared with four heuristic algorithms on a typical VLIW processor. Our approach achieves an efficiency improvement of up to 58.34% in final solutions compared with the heuristic algorithms. Additionally, the Post-RA Scheduling enhances programs with an average speedup of 14.04% than solely applying the Pre-RA Scheduling.