Fabrication of a 3D-printed electrode applied to electrochemical sensing of lamotrigine

A novel miniature 3D-printed electrode featuring a working area made from conductive filament, with the electrode body formed through resin injection and UV curing is described. To enhance the conductivity and electrochemical performance, the electrode surface was laser ablated, and modified with graphene oxide (GO), and thorn-like gold nanostructure (TLGNS). The electrode was then utilized for the sensitive detection of lamotrigine (LTG), an important anti-epilepsy drug, using chronoamperometry. This method yielded a linear detection range from 0.01 nmol L- 1 to 300 mu mol L- 1, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 nmol L- 1, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.05 nmol L- 1. Additionally, the electrochemical sensor demonstrated excellent intrasensor reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation of 1.5 % (n = 9, single sensor).