A Survey and Perspective on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS): From ICPS to AI-Augmented ICPS

Digital Transformation integrates information technology across a broad spectrum of industrial sectors. Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS) play a vital role in this transformation by harmonizing machinery, production, logistics, and societal needs through innovative information technologies. This article investigates the adoption of industrial artificial intelligence (industrial AI) as a methodology for effective ICPS design, introducing AI-Augmented ICPS (AICPS). The study conducts a survey, focusing on the components and interactions of AICPS. We propose design considerations for the implementation of AICPS and investigate the application of cutting-edge industrial AI techniques in each interaction. From the standpoint of AI augmentation, this article offers insights by identifying key perspectives, including uncertainty of information, safety of AI, explainability of AI, human-societal interactive ICPS, and standardization of industrial AI. This article aims to enhance understanding of AICPS and lay the groundwork for integrating independent industrial AI techniques into ICPS.