Recent advances in flexible high polymer-based self-powered systems for energy conversion

The rapid development of electronic technology has led to a growing demand for flexible self-powered systems, with expectations for broader application scenarios. Additionally, there is an increasing requirement for high flexibility and strong energy storage. Therefore, good adaptability to the skin, durability for prolonged use, and extended battery life are key criteria for assessing the quality of these devices. Flexible self-powered system represents one of the most promising research areas in energy conversion and it encompasses sensors, selfpowered devices, and energy storage components. This article reviews the latest research progress on flexible self-powered systems based on conductive polymers from two perspectives: system classification and potential materials. It conducts a systematic analysis of different materials under the same configuration and different configurations using the same material, proposing optimization strategies for the output performance of classic nanogenerator components. Additionally, it discusses the impact of conductive polymers when used as fillers or polymer substrates. In particular, it provides a detailed overview of flexible self-powered devices in the fields of energy harvesting, health monitoring, and energy conversion. Finally, the article addresses the current challenges and future development directions for self-powered devices based on conductive polymers.