Abu Dhabi emphasizes on research and development (R&D) activities, as these efforts provide an opportunity to facilitate the country's transition from a hydrocarbon-based economy to a knowledge-based one. Abu Dhabi's decision makers know that partnerships and collaboration between companies and academic institutions is key to R&D success. The government has launched two institutes for conducting research that emphasizes on local energy issues. These two Petroleum Institute University and Research Center established in 2001 and the Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company established in Masdar in 2006. Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) and its subsidiaries have launched a program to become a leader in R&D projects of local interest, such as CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR), clean technologies, and a goal of 70% enhanced recovery rate.