Bio-inspired innovations in 3D concrete printing: structures, materials and applications

Many biological structures in nature inspire artificial materials due to their superior performance, yet their complexity often surpasses traditional manufacturing methods. The emergence of 3D concrete printing (3DCP) technology has driven innovation in the construction industry, offering flexible, efficient, sustainable, and costeffective solutions. The automation and design flexibility of 3DCP are ideal for creating bio-inspired structures. This study reviews current bio-inspired approaches in 3DCP, including hierarchical arrangements, porous structures, building components, and biomaterial-based printable concrete. Bio-inspired hierarchical structures enhance strength and toughness, porous structures mimic honeycombs or bones to improve lightweight and thermal insulation, and building components emulate plant and animal forms for high performance and aesthetics. Biomaterial-based concrete incorporates natural or bio-inspired materials for sustainability. This paper also examines the challenges and prospects of bio-inspired 3DCP, highlighting ongoing research directions in advanced materials, printing technologies, and optimized design methods to overcome current limitations and expand practical applications.