Humidity Resistance of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells as Measured by Operando X-ray Scattering

The instability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remains a significant barrier to their commercialization. Although many empirical studies have shown that perovskite composition and device architecture both affect device lifetime, the precise correlation between changes in the perovskite lattice and changes in performance are unclear. Here we use operando grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements to show how elevated humidity affects the operational stability of both p-i-n and n-i-p devices. The results show that changes to the perovskite composition have the biggest impact on humidity-induced ion mobility, with the triple-cation perovskite in a p-i-n structure being the most stable configuration tested.