A waste reduction strategy through autonomation under a closed-loop supply chain management

Currently, apart from manufacturing processes, the remanufacturing of products is considerably important. Appropriate remanufacturing requires the operation of long-run manufacturing systems. However, in long-run processes, the production system may convert to an out-of-control state due to machine breakdowns. Then, defective products are frequently produced; this increases wastage and disrupts environmental sustainability. In this model, a smart autonomation policy is deliberated for an error-free inspection in separating defective products during production. The autonomation policy facilitates waste reduction through remanufacturing. This paper concentrates on customer awareness and service-dependent demand, which directly improves the overall profitability of the system. A discrete investment to reduce setup cost, continuous investment to collect used goods, and cap-and-trade strategy to limit carbon emission are considered to obtain a more realistic model. Classical optimization method is applied for global maximum profit test of the profit function with respect to cycle length, customer awareness, service investment, discrete investment to reduce setup cost, number of shipments, and container capacities. Numerical testing, sensitivity to total profit in different cost parameters, and comparisons with previous research are explained. Some special scenarios including graphical representations are discussed to prove that a large investment is more beneficial than the cost of specific setup and collection.