Cyber-Physical Integration for Future Green Seaports: Challenges, State of the Art and Future Prospects

To achieve the "carbon neutrality" target, multiple heterogeneous energy networks are integrated within seaport areas to form a special energy system with tight "transportation-energy" coupling, which brings massive information exchanges between different networks and therefore motivates the cyber-physical integration of seaports. This article first summarizes the activity clusters and the promising technologies for future green seaports. After that, the cyber-physical integration framework within seaport area is promoted and the typical operating strategies are overviewed. Then the physical models of seaport are provided with a solid literature survey. At last, this article proposes three key problems for the cyber-physical integration within seaport areas: the hybrid cyber-physical model in seaport, the economy of cyber-physical system in seaport and the resilience of cyber-physical system in seaport.