Auxiliary products in the textile and dyeing industry. I

This study of auxiliary products is devoted to the organic auxiliary substances known as surface active agents. The phenomenon of surface tension is described in detail. The basic type of surface tension is between liquid and gas, but it also exists between two liquids, liquid and solid, and solid and gas, when it is known as interfacial tension. Methods of measuring surface tension using a Traube stalagmometer and a Lacomte de Noüy torsion balance are described. The surface tensions of various liquids are given.