Investigating the inhibition of xanthine oxidase by five catechins: Kinetic studies, spectroscopy, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations

Catechins compounds from tea have demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase (XOD). However, the precise inhibitory mechanisms of the main catechins on XOD remain to be fully elucidated. This study explored the inhibition mechanisms and binding characteristics of five catechins (GC, EGC, EC, EGCG, and ECG) on XOD through a combination of inhibition kinetics, multi-spectroscopy analysis, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations. Among the catechins, EGCG and ECG exhibited the most potent inhibitory activities against XOD. All five catechins were found to exhibit mixed inhibition, affecting the hydrophobic groups and secondary structure of XOD predominantly through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that a 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid moiety at C3 position significantly enhances the binding affinity of EGCG and ECG to XOD. Additionally, the decrease of beta-sheet and random coil induced by EGCG and ECG was found to be crucial for enhancing inhibitory activity of XOD. In vitro cell experiments showed that EGCG and ECG significantly reduced high uric acid levels of BRL-3A cell. This study elucidates the inhibitory mechanisms of catechins on XOD, paving the way for their application as XOD inhibitors to combat hyperuricemia.