Insights into the genesis of oxygen vacancies and atomically dispersed Niδ- species in anatase TiO2: A spectroscopic study

Oxygen vacancies are commonly observed defects in metal oxides that contribute to the unique physiochemical properties of these materials. Despite the abundant evidence of oxygen vacancies in transition metal oxides and their intriguing properties in catalysis, there remain questions in understanding their formation, structure, and properties. In this study, we employ in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the genesis of oxygen vacancies and Ni species, focusing on the significance of Ni species relating to the reduction temperature. Our findings reveal a reduction temperature dependence on the formation of oxygen vacancies and atomically dispersed Ni delta- species in anatase TiO2 (TiO2-A). In pristine TiO2-A, the reduction temperature between 300 and 400 degrees C led to the creation of a substantial number of oxygen vacancies. With supported Ni on TiO2-A, oxygen vacancies are favorably formed at 200 degrees C. As the reduction temperature is increased to 300 degrees C, Ni species migrate to the oxygen vacancies and become stabilized by forming Ni delta- species while reducing the number of oxygen vacancies. Subsequent oxidation at 300 degrees C led to the oxidation of some Ni delta- species alongside the liberation of the oxygen vacancies they previously occupied. These findings shed light on the mechanisms in forming oxygen vacancies and Ni delta- species.