On-Demand Coalescence of Ferromagnetic Droplets in Microchannels Using an Oscillating Magnetic Field

Droplet-based microfluidics exhibit remarkable potential in achieving high-throughput chemical reactions with minimal reagent consumption. However, a pivotal challenge lies in the selective coalescence of droplets for precise process control, particularly when dealing with droplets of varying amounts and volumes, which are difficult to trap and coalesce due to their tiny dimensions and incessant movement. Hence, we proposed a method for on-demand coalescence of ferromagnetic droplets using an oscillating magnetic field. Experimental results show that the ferromagnetic droplets can be trapped in different positions in the microchannels according to the applied magnetic field intensity. A high-intensity pulsed amplitude of the magnetic field enables the migration of trapped droplets toward the same position, facilitating their mutual contact and interaction. By programmable modulation of the oscillating magnetic field, a controllable reciprocation of droplets in microchannels was successfully realized, which enabled us to dynamically capture, coalesce, and release two or more (>= 3) droplets on demand. The integrated ferromagnetic droplet-based microfluidic platform allows contact-free, easily monitored, and on-demand coalescence of ferromagnetic droplets in microchannels, which holds promise for a wide range of applications, such as microfluidic-based drug synthesis, biosensing, reaction kinetics, and paracrine signaling, particularly.