Experimental investigation of primary breakup in close-coupled gas atomization

Primary breakup of a liquid water jet in close-coupled gas atomization (CCGA) was studied using digital inline holography. Different nozzles with constant liquid protrusion length and characterized by three different apex angles,= = 14o, o , 24o o and 34o o were used. Measurements were conducted at two Weber numbers, We = 57.5 and 82.5. At each We, , five different momentum flux ratios, , were studied. A detailed analysis of the instantaneous liquid jet interfaces indicated that the "filming" occurred at a lower critical with increasing . Furthermore, with increasing , peak probabilities of interface lengths shifted to larger values while increasing led to increased maximum lengths. Fractal dimensions increased with downstream distance. Distributions of area-based droplet diameters spanned a broad size range up to 3 mm and were well described by least-squares fitted power laws, including an exponential cut-off. The highest number of droplets was generated at = = 24o o for = = 1.67 and 2.40 for We = 57.5 and 82.5, respectively. The percentage of circular droplets (based on a circularity-based threshold) was highest at = 14o o and decreased with increasing .