Controlling the heating wall temperature during melting via electric field

Thermal energy storage technology utilizing phase change materials (PCMs) is extensively applied in thermal management and energy storage. The inclination angle (B) plays a critical factor in the phase change melting processes in practical implementations. However, the precise experimental velocity fields of liquid PCM and the impact of active regulation technology on the heating wall temperature at various angles remain unclear. Herein, a transparent melting experiment platform was established to measure velocity, and adjust B and manipulate input electric voltage. Results from Particle Image Velocimetry indicated that the installation angle significantly impacts natural convection in the convection-dominated melting regime. The liquid fraction decreased from 73.5 % (when B = 90 degrees) to 54.4 % (when B = 150 degrees) due to reduced thermal energy absorption, as input energy was stored as sensible heat on the copper wall. The electrohydrodynamic (EHD) effect mitigated thermal resistance between the heater and the melt front, increasing melt thickness. EHD flow exhibited limited ability to regulate heating wall temperature under strong natural convection, with a 6.5 % decrease observed under +20 kV conditions. As natural convection rates decreased, the decrease rate of heating wall temperature increased to 10.7 %. The EHD effect demonstrated a heightened capability in enhancing heat transfer melting with increasing B, leading to an increase in temperature difference from 3.3 degrees C to 5.3 degrees C under the +15 kV input voltage. These findings suggest that the electric field is an efficacious method for controlling the heating wall temperature at different inclination angles during the melting process.