Electrode Nanopatterning for Bioelectroanalysis and Bioelectrocatalysis

Although intensive research in the bioelectroanalysis domain in the last twenty years led to great improvements in protein-based electrode and device performances, their large application remains limited by their stability overtime under operational and resting conditions. One under-studied issue is the role played by the spatial distribution of enzymes on electrocatalysis. Actually, high fluxes in metabolic pathways involve compartmentalization and spatial organization of active biomolecules. In a mimicking way, it can be expected that controlled localization of proteins on electrode surfaces may play a role in the overall electron transfer processes and bioelectrocatalysis performances. In this short review, we will discuss recent developments in surface patterning allowing to tune in a controlled manner the localization and density of enzymes on the electrode surface. We will investigate how mixed functional layers, electrode and biological materials can serve as protein platforms to provide such electrode patterning.