Initial treatment choices for long-term remission of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy and acceptability of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), pharmacotherapy, and their combination in the long and short terms among adults with chronic insomnia disorder.MethodsWe searched multiple databases to December 27, 2023. We included trials in hypnotic-free adults with chronic insomnia comparing at least two of CBT-I, pharmacotherapy, or their combination. We assessed the confidence in evidence using CINeMA. The primary outcome was long-term remission. Secondary outcomes included all-cause dropout and self-reported sleep continuity measures in the long term, and the same outcomes in the short term. We performed frequentist random-effects network meta-analyses (CRD42024505519).FindingsWe identified 13 trials including 823 randomized participants (mean age, 47.8 years; 60% women). CBT-I was more beneficial than pharmacotherapy in the long term (median duration, 24 weeks [range, 12 to 48 weeks]; remission odds ratio, 1.82 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15-2.87]; [certainty of evidence: high]), while there was weaker evidence of benefit of combination against pharmacotherapy (1.71 [95% CI, 0.88-3.30: moderate]) and no clear difference of CBT-I against combination (1.07 [95% CI, 0.63-1.80: moderate]). CBT-I was associated with fewer dropouts than pharmacotherapy. Short-term outcomes favored CBT-I over pharmacotherapy except total sleep time. Given the average long-term remission rate in the pharmacotherapy-initiating arms of 28%, CBT-I resulted in a long-term remission rate of 41% (95% CI, 31%-53%) and combination 40% (95% CI, 25%-56%).InterpretationThe current study found that starting with CBT-I for chronic insomnia leads to better outcomes than pharmacotherapy. Combination may be better than pharmacotherapy alone, but unlikely to be worth the additional burden over CBT-I alone.