Antibacterial carbonic anhydrase inhibitors targeting Vibrio cholerae enzymes

Introduction: Cholera is a bacterial diarrheal disease caused by pathogen bacteria Vibrio cholerae, which produces the cholera toxin (CT). In addition to improving water sanitation, oral cholera vaccines have been developed to control infection. Besides, rehydration and antibiotic therapy are complementary treatment strategies for cholera. ToxT regulatory protein activates transcription of CT gene, which is enhanced by bicarbonate (HCO3-). Areas covered: This review delves into the genomic blueprint of V. cholerae, which encodes for alpha-, beta-, and gamma- carbonic anhydrases (CAs). We explore how the CAs contribute to the pathogenicity of V. cholerae and discuss the potential of CA inhibitors in mitigating the disease's impact. Expert opinion: CA inhibitors can reduce the virulence of bacteria and control cholera. Here, we reviewed all reported CA inhibitors, noting that alpha-CA from V. cholerae (VchCA alpha) was the most effective inhibited enzyme compared to the beta- and gamma-CA families (VchCA beta and VchCA gamma). Among the CA inhibitors, acyl selenobenzenesulfonamidenamides and simple/heteroaromatic sulfonamides were the best VchCA inhibitors in the nM range. It was noted that some antibacterial compounds show good inhibitory effects on all three bacterial CAs. CA inhibitors belonging to other classes may be synthesized and tested on VchCAs to harness cholera.