Simultaneous removal of Ni2+ and Congo red from wastewater by crystalline nanocellulose - Modified coal bionanocomposites: Continuous adsorption study with mathematical modeling

Due to ultra-fast technological improvement and rapid urbanization nowadays, industries have generated a huge amount of wastewater that is discharged directly into the environment. Resulting in harsh damage to ecology and public safety/security by contaminating the ground/surface water sources. Therefore, it is very crucial to purify this wastewater before discharging/reusing. This study will be devoted to the latest enhancements along with the new route of production of the multifunctional Crystalline Nanocellulose-Modified Bituminous Coal (CNC-MC) bionanocomposites. Besides these, the significant implementation of the fabricated CNC-MC bionanosorbents for the simultaneous removal of Ni2+ and Congo red (CR) from bulk-scale industrial wastewater has been stated. Conversely, influential parameters like inlet concentration (25-45 ppm), flow rate (3-5 mL/min), and adsorbent bed height (0.2-0.8 cm) were explored. The bionanosorbents were characterized by using some state-of-the-art equipment such as FTIR-ATR, XRD, BET, FESEM, and TGA analysis, while the water samples were analyzed by AAS and UV-NIR techniques. Results suggested that the fabricated CNC-MC bionanocomposites possessed a considerable amount of active binding sites/functional groups, showed high thermal stability up to 700 degrees C, and had a high crystallinity index (around 92.41 +/- 0.009%). They revealed a noteworthy honeycomb-like mesoporous microstructure with a significant specific surface area. Due to these outstanding features, this multifunctional bionanosorbents has exhibited sensational adsorption performance. Meanwhile, the maximum removal efficiency and percentage were observed at approximately 328.7 and 478.3 mg/g, as well as around 67.95 and 76.65% for Ni2+ and CR. The experimental data was evaluated by three well-known column models, namely the Thomas, Adam-Bohart, and Yoon-Nelson models, and respectable agreement was found. That is similarly appropriate for the justification of the experimental breakthrough curve by supporting the Langmuir isotherm and 2nd-order reversible reaction kinetics. Hence, this novel CNC-MC bionanosorbent could be beneficially used to purify industrial wastewater in an economical and eco-friendly way for sustainable environmental safety.