Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Their Association With Coronary Artery Disease in Pakistani Adults

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), especially coronary artery disease (CAD), are a major health burden, and their incidence is rising in countries like Pakistan. Objective: The objective of this research was to assess the prevalence and association of cardiovascular risk factors with CAD in Pakistani adults. Methodology: The research was carried out from January 2023 to December 2023 at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) Islamabad and Shifa International Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan, using a crosssectional design. Based on predefined criteria, 320 individuals who were Pakistani nationals and over the age of 18 years old were included. Those having a history of congenital heart disease, pregnancy, significant comorbidities, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were excluded. Medical, lifestyle, and demographic data were collected, and clinical evaluations were carried out by qualified healthcare workers. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and relevant statistical tests. A p<0.05 was statistically significant. Results: The study investigated cardiovascular risk factors and demographic traits in 320 adult Pakistanis. The majority of participants (n=181; 56.56%) were male and aged between 18 and 45. University education was predominant (n=170; 53.13%). Specifically, 147 participants (45.94%) had dyslipidemia, 74 (23.12%) had diabetes mellitus, and 112 (35.0%) had hypertension. Diabetes mellitus (OR: 9.60, 95% CI: 4.52-20.38, p<0.001), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.88, 95% CI: 1.29-2.75, p=0.001), and hypertension (OR: 2.67, 95% CI: 1.724.15, p<0.001) showed significant correlations with CAD. Poor socioeconomic status (OR: 3.00, 95% CI: 1.31-6.89, p=0.009) and genetic propensity (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.02-3.92, p=0.040) were also significantly associated with CAD. Conclusion: Our study highlights diabetes as strongly linked to CAD in Pakistani adults, while socioeconomic status emerges as a significant predictor.