Using a Community-Engaged Survey to Describe Prison Environments and Measure the Mental Health Status of Correctional Staff and Incarcerated Individuals

The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world. Incarceration is associated with significant negative mental health implications for both the corrections staff who work in prisons and the individuals incarcerated in them. Despite their scale and impacts, prisons are one of the country's least transparent and most understudied public institutions. Where research on prisons does exist, it is often focused on either the corrections staff population or the incarcerated population. Moreover, the perspectives of those most directly affected, incarcerated populations and correctional staff are rarely included in the process. In this study, we sought to focus on understanding the entire prison ecosystem, measuring the mental health status of corrections staff and incarcerated individuals, and describing potential interrelated factors in the prison environment that may affect these outcomes. We used a community-engaged process to develop a prison survey to measure the prison environment in a pilot facility in rural Vermont, incorporating the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Global Mental Health 2a instrument to measure the mental health status of the corrections staff and incarcerated individuals. Focus groups and interviews were conducted to inform survey development and understand factors affecting the mental health of these populations. Surveys were administered at three time points.