Can the infusion teaching of critical thinking improve Chinese secondary students' critical thinking and academic attainment? Findings from a randomised controlled trial

Critical thinking has been recognised as a core skill in the latest English curriculum standards for secondary schools in China. However, the current state of critical thinking education in China remains underdeveloped. Although some Chinese secondary schools have reported success in infusing critical thinking into regular teaching, there is little evidence of its impact as no independent robust studies have been conducted. The aim of this study was to determine whether the infusion of critical thinking in the regular curriculum has any impact on improving Chinese secondary students' critical thinking skills and academic attainment using a more robust research design that can establish causation. Twenty-one English language teachers and 2,011 Grade 8 students from four rural secondary schools in China participated. The intervention was delivered by 11 experimental English language teachers once a week for three months. The impact of the intervention was measured by differences in modified standardised critical thinking skill tests. A process evaluation, including class observations and interviews, was also conducted to determine fidelity to the treatment. The results indicate a small positive impact of the infusion teaching on students' critical thinking skills. Therefore, it is feasible and promising to infuse critical thinking into the English curriculum in China's secondary schools. However, the positive impact was not observed in academic attainment outcomes. The trial provides policy and educational practice recommendations to support the development of critical thinking skills among Chinese students.